Polystichum
aculeatum
Hard Shield Fern
Tufted leaves up to 1 m long
Blade dark glossy green, leathery; lower pinnae reduced in length
Stemless pinnulae (difference with P. setiferum)
Stem very scaly
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
= ASPIDIACEAE
genus Polystichum
Growth in spring, fructification in summer, leaves disappearing next spring
Cool woods, slopes, shaded base of cliffs, up to 2000 m in elevation
Widespread and common in Vercors